On Liberty

Christian morality is incomplete

Details for "Christian morality is incomplete"

Christian morality, as historically formed by the church, is one-sided and incomplete; secular ethical elements and non-Christian moral insights are needed alongside it.

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Source — Based on origin text "I believe that other ethics than any which can be evolved from exclusively Christian sources, must exist side by side with Christian ethics to produce the moral regeneration of mankind". Original claim

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Christian morality is incomplete

Details for "Christian morality is incomplete"

Christian morality, as historically formed by the church, is one-sided and incomplete; secular ethical elements and non-Christian moral insights are needed alongside it.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "I believe that other ethics than any which can be evolved from exclusively Christian sources, must exist side by side with Christian ethics to produce the moral regeneration of mankind". Original claim

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Discussion keeps truth living

Details for "Discussion keeps truth living"

Even when an opinion is true, it must be freely discussed to be held as a living truth rather than a dead dogma or mere prejudice.

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Source — Based on origin text "However unwillingly a person who has a strong opinion may admit the possibility that his opinion may be false, he ought to be moved by the consideration that however true it may be, if it is not fully, frequently, and fearlessly discussed, it will be held as a dead dogma, not a living truth.". Original claim

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Debate reveals partial truth

Details for "Debate reveals partial truth"

Many received opinions contain only part of the truth, and opposing opinions often supply the neglected remainder; diversity of opinion is therefore useful to reach fuller truth.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "Popular opinions, on subjects not palpable to sense, are often true, but seldom or never the whole truth.". Original claim

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Truth should stay contested

Details for "Truth should stay contested"

When opinions stop being disputed, people stop thinking about them and their truth becomes stale; therefore even true doctrines benefit from being openly contested.

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This claim has no citation and isn't the consequent of any premise.

Source — Based on origin text "Both teachers and learners go to sleep at their post, as soon as there is no enemy in the field.". Original claim

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Discussion keeps truth living

Details for "Discussion keeps truth living"

Even when an opinion is true, it must be freely discussed to be held as a living truth rather than a dead dogma or mere prejudice.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "However unwillingly a person who has a strong opinion may admit the possibility that his opinion may be false, he ought to be moved by the consideration that however true it may be, if it is not fully, frequently, and fearlessly discussed, it will be held as a dead dogma, not a living truth.". Original claim

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Suppression assumes infallibility

Details for "Suppression assumes infallibility"

All silencing of discussion presumes infallibility, because no person or authority can claim certainty enough to exclude others from judging an opinion.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "All silencing of discussion is an assumption of infallibility.". Original claim

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Axiom: Logical Principle

and

Judgment needs criticism

Details for "Judgment needs criticism"

Human judgment becomes trustworthy through open criticism, discussion, and experience; without free contradiction and refutation, no rational assurance of being right is possible.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "The whole strength and value, then, of human judgment, depending on the one property, that it can be set right when it is wrong, reliance can be placed on it only when the means of setting it right are kept constantly at hand.". Original claim

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Axiom: Background Assumption

and

Truth needs open testing

Details for "Truth needs open testing"

The beliefs with the strongest warrant are those that remain open to the whole world’s challenge; if challenge fails, they attain the best certainty fallible beings can have.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "The beliefs which we have most warrant for, have no safeguard to rest on, but a standing invitation to the whole world to prove them unfounded.". Original claim

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Axiom: Background Assumption

and

No exception for certainty

Details for "No exception for certainty"

Permitting free discussion only for doubtful matters while forbidding scrutiny of supposedly certain doctrines still assumes that one’s own judges of certainty are infallible.

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This claim has no citation and isn't the consequent of any premise.

Source — Based on origin text "it is not the feeling sure of a doctrine (be it what it may) which I call an assumption of infallibility. It is the undertaking to decide that question _for others_, without allowing them to hear what can be said on the contrary side.". Original claim

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Debate reveals partial truth

Details for "Debate reveals partial truth"

Many received opinions contain only part of the truth, and opposing opinions often supply the neglected remainder; diversity of opinion is therefore useful to reach fuller truth.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "Popular opinions, on subjects not palpable to sense, are often true, but seldom or never the whole truth.". Original claim

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if

Utility depends on truth

Details for "Utility depends on truth"

The usefulness of an opinion is itself disputable, and truth is part of utility; therefore discussion cannot fairly protect utility while barring debate over truth.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "The usefulness of an opinion is itself matter of opinion: as disputable, as open to discussion, and requiring discussion as much, as the opinion itself.". Original claim

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Axiom: Stipulation

and

Temperate speech is not enough

Details for "Temperate speech is not enough"

The free expression of opinion should not be restricted by vague demands of temperance, because unfairness and intemperance are judged asymmetrically and cannot be policed consistently by law.

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This claim has no citation and isn't the consequent of any premise.

Source — Based on origin text "With regard to what is commonly meant by intemperate discussion, namely invective, sarcasm, personality, and the like, the denunciation of these weapons would deserve more sympathy if it were ever proposed to interdict them equally to both sides". Original claim

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and

Dissent sustains mental life

Details for "Dissent sustains mental life"

Open dissent keeps intellects courageous and active, while social intolerance produces conformity, timidity, and suppression of genuine thought.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "The greatest harm done is to those who are not heretics, and whose whole mental development is cramped, and their reason cowed, by the fear of heresy.". Original claim

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Dissent sustains mental life

Details for "Dissent sustains mental life"

Open dissent keeps intellects courageous and active, while social intolerance produces conformity, timidity, and suppression of genuine thought.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "The greatest harm done is to those who are not heretics, and whose whole mental development is cramped, and their reason cowed, by the fear of heresy.". Original claim

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History condemns persecution

Details for "History condemns persecution"

The deaths of Socrates and Jesus, and Marcus Aurelius’s persecution of Christianity, show that sincere and respectable people can persecute profound truth in error.

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This claim has no citation and isn't the consequent of any premise.

Source — Based on origin text "Mankind can hardly be too often reminded that there was once a man named Socrates, between whom and the legal authorities and public opinion of his time, there took place a memorable collision.". Original claim

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and

Persecution can suppress truth

Details for "Persecution can suppress truth"

Persecution often succeeds in suppressing truth for long periods, and only eventual rediscovery, not any inherent immunity, lets truth prevail in the long run.

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This claim has no citation and isn't the consequent of any premise.

Source — Based on origin text "It is a piece of idle sentimentality that truth, merely as truth, has any inherent power denied to error, of prevailing against the dungeon and the stake.". Original claim

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and

Social stigma persecutes opinion

Details for "Social stigma persecutes opinion"

Modern societies still persecute opinions through legal penalties and social stigma, which can deter expression as effectively as imprisonment for those dependent on public approval.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "In respect to all persons but those whose pecuniary circumstances make them independent of the good will of other people, opinion, on this subject, is as efficacious as law; men might as well be imprisoned, as excluded from the means of earning their bread.". Original claim

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Social stigma persecutes opinion

Details for "Social stigma persecutes opinion"

Modern societies still persecute opinions through legal penalties and social stigma, which can deter expression as effectively as imprisonment for those dependent on public approval.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "In respect to all persons but those whose pecuniary circumstances make them independent of the good will of other people, opinion, on this subject, is as efficacious as law; men might as well be imprisoned, as excluded from the means of earning their bread.". Original claim

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if

Press liberty resists tyranny

Details for "Press liberty resists tyranny"

Liberty of the press serves as a security against corrupt or tyrannical government, and governments should not prescribe opinions or determine what doctrines people may hear.

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This claim has no citation and isn't the consequent of any premise.

Source — Based on origin text "The time, it is to be hoped, is gone by, when any defence would be necessary of the "liberty of the press" as one of the securities against corrupt or tyrannical government.". Original claim

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and

Majority may not silence one

Details for "Majority may not silence one"

Mankind is not justified in silencing a lone dissenter even if all others share the opposite opinion; the power to silence opinion is illegitimate.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.". Original claim

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Axiom: Background Assumption

and

Silencing robs mankind

Details for "Silencing robs mankind"

Suppressing an opinion harms the human race because it prevents exchange of error for truth when the opinion is right and prevents clearer truth through collision with error when it is wrong.

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This claim has no citation and isn't the consequent of any premise.

Source — Based on origin text "But the peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it is robbing the human race; posterity as well as the existing generation; those who dissent from the opinion, still more than those who hold it.". Original claim

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Suppression assumes infallibility

Details for "Suppression assumes infallibility"

All silencing of discussion presumes infallibility, because no person or authority can claim certainty enough to exclude others from judging an opinion.

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No citations. The argument supports this claim through a premise that concludes it, or an axiom.

Source — Based on origin text "All silencing of discussion is an assumption of infallibility.". Original claim

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Axiom: Logical Principle

About this source

About: On Liberty

About the author

John Stuart Mill

About this document

About: On Liberty

About the author

John Stuart Mill

About this document

About: On Liberty